Build a calculator dApp with Python

In this tutorial, we will build a simple Calculator dApp to illustrate how requests are sent and processed within Cartesi Rollups Infrastructure.

This dApp will be written in Python.

source code

The backend will be written using Python. For added flexibility, feel free to explore the JavaScript version here.

Set up your environment

Install these to set up your environment for quick building:

Cartesi CLI: A simple tool for building applications on Cartesi. Install Cartesi CLI for your OS of choice.
Docker Desktop 4.x: The tool you need to run the Cartesi Machine and its dependencies. Install Docker for your OS of choice.
Python 3.x: This is used to write your backend application logic. Install Python3 here.

Create the backend application

To create a backend application with Python, run:

cartesi create calculator --template python

This creates a calculator/ directory with essential files for your Python development.

Dockerfile: Contains configurations to boot a complete Cartesi machine.
README.md: A markdown file.
dapp.py: A Python file with template backend code that serves as your application's endpoint.
requirements.txt: The Python dependencies required for your application.

Let’s review the backend code in the dapp.py file.

from os import environ
import logging
import requests

logging.basicConfig(level="INFO")
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

rollup_server = environ["ROLLUP_HTTP_SERVER_URL"]
logger.info(f"HTTP rollup_server url is {rollup_server}")

def handle_advance(data):
    logger.info(f"Received advance request data {data}")
    logger.info("Adding notice")
    notice = {"payload": data["payload"]}
    response = requests.post(rollup_server + "/notice", json=notice)
    logger.info(f"Received notice status {response.status_code} body {response.content}")
    return "accept"

def handle_inspect(data):
    logger.info(f"Received inspect request data {data}")
    logger.info("Adding report")
    report = {"payload": data["payload"]}
    response = requests.post(rollup_server + "/report", json=report)
    logger.info(f"Received report status {response.status_code}")
    return "accept"

handlers = {
    "advance_state": handle_advance,
    "inspect_state": handle_inspect,
}

finish = {"status": "accept"}

while True:
    logger.info("Sending finish")
    response = requests.post(rollup_server + "/finish", json=finish)
    logger.info(f"Received finish status {response.status_code}")
    if response.status_code == 202:
        logger.info("No pending rollup request, trying again")
    else:
        rollup_request = response.json()
        data = rollup_request["data"]

        handler = handlers[rollup_request["request_type"]]
        finish["status"] = handler(rollup_request["data"])

This Python script establishes a communication loop with the Cartesi rollup server.

Two functions, handle_advance and handle_inspect, are defined to process “advance” and “inspect” requests.

The script enters an infinite loop, continually listening and sending finish requests to the rollup server.

Build the backend application

We will use the Python Mathematical Expression Evaluator to parse and evaluate payloads.

For example, an advance request to the backend with payload “1+2” will add a notice and a response of “3”.

In the requirements.txt file, paste the following code to install the libraries.

requests == 2.31.0
py_expression_eval == 0.3.14

Import the Parser from py_expression_eval, the main class of the library, which contains the methods to parse, evaluate, and simplify mathematical expressions.

from py_expression_eval import Parser

Payloads sent from the client are hex encoded – the utility functions below will decode a hexadecimal string into a conventional string and vice versa.

def hex2str(hex):
    """
    Decodes a hex string into a regular string
    """
    return bytes.fromhex(hex[2:]).decode("utf-8")

def str2hex(str):
    """
    Encodes a string as a hex string
    """
    return "0x" + str.encode("utf-8").hex()


Update the advance request function to have a mechanism for parsing payload and sending the output as a notice to the rollup server.

def handle_advance(data):
    logger.info(f"Received advance request data {data}")

    status = "accept"
    try:
        input = hex2str(data["payload"])
        logger.info(f"Received input: {input}")

        # Evaluates expression
        parser = Parser()
        output = parser.parse(input).evaluate({})

        # Emits notice with result of calculation
        logger.info(f"Adding notice with payload: '{output}'")
        response = requests.post(rollup_server + "/notice", json={"payload": str2hex(str(output))})
        logger.info(f"Received notice status {response.status_code} body {response.content}")

    except Exception as e:
        status = "reject"
        msg = f"Error processing data {data}\n{traceback.format_exc()}"
        logger.error(msg)
        response = requests.post(rollup_server + "/report", json={"payload": str2hex(msg)})
        logger.info(f"Received report status {response.status_code} body {response.content}")

    return status

Here is the final code of our application:

from os import environ
import traceback
import logging
import requests
from py_expression_eval import Parser

logging.basicConfig(level="INFO")
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

rollup_server = environ["ROLLUP_HTTP_SERVER_URL"]
logger.info(f"HTTP rollup_server url is {rollup_server}")

def hex2str(hex):
    """
    Decodes a hex string into a regular string
    """
    return bytes.fromhex(hex[2:]).decode("utf-8")

def str2hex(str):
    """
    Encodes a string as a hex string
    """
    return "0x" + str.encode("utf-8").hex()

def handle_advance(data):
    logger.info(f"Received advance request data {data}")

    status = "accept"
    try:
        input = hex2str(data["payload"])
        logger.info(f"Received input: {input}")

        # Evaluates expression
        parser = Parser()
        output = parser.parse(input).evaluate({})

        # Emits notice with result of calculation
        logger.info(f"Adding notice with payload: '{output}'")
        response = requests.post(rollup_server + "/notice", json={"payload": str2hex(str(output))})
        logger.info(f"Received notice status {response.status_code} body {response.content}")

    except Exception as e:
        status = "reject"
        msg = f"Error processing data {data}\n{traceback.format_exc()}"
        logger.error(msg)
        response = requests.post(rollup_server + "/report", json={"payload": str2hex(msg)})
        logger.info(f"Received report status {response.status_code} body {response.content}")

    return status

def handle_inspect(data):
    logger.info(f"Received inspect request data {data}")
    logger.info("Adding report")
    response = requests.post(rollup_server + "/report", json={"payload": data["payload"]})
    logger.info(f"Received report status {response.status_code}")
    return "accept"

handlers = {
    "advance_state": handle_advance,
    "inspect_state": handle_inspect,
}

finish = {"status": "accept"}

while True:
    logger.info("Sending finish")
    response = requests.post(rollup_server + "/finish", json=finish)
    logger.info(f"Received finish status {response.status_code}")
    if response.status_code == 202:
        logger.info("No pending rollup request, trying again")
    else:
        rollup_request = response.json()
        data = rollup_request["data"]

        handler = handlers[rollup_request["request_type"]]
        finish["status"] = handler(rollup_request["data"])

With Docker running, “build your backend” application by running:

cartesi build

“Building” in this context installs the libraries in the requirements.txt, compiles your application into RISC-V architecture, and consequently builds a Cartesi machine that contains your backend application.

The anvil node can now run your application.

To run your application, enter the command:

cartesi run

Sending inputs with the CLI

We can send inputs to our application with a custom JavaScript frontend, Cast, or Cartesi CLI.

To send generic inputs to our application quickly, run the following:

cartesi send generic

Example: Send 1+2 as an input to the application.

> cartesi send generic
? Chain Foundry
? RPC URL http://127.0.0.1:8545
? Wallet Mnemonic
? Mnemonic test test test test test test test test test test test junk
? Account 0xf39Fd6e51aad88F6F4ce6aB8827279cffFb92266 9999.970671818064986684 ETH
? Application address 0xab7528bb862fb57e8a2bcd567a2e929a0be56a5e
? Input String encoding
? Input (as string) 1+2
✔ Input sent: 0xe2a2ba347659e53c53f3089ff3268255842c03bafbbf185375f94c7a78f3f98a

Retrieving outputs from the application

The cartesi send generic sends a notice containing a payload to the Rollup Server's /notice endpoint.

querying noticees

Notice payloads will be returned in hexadecimal format; developers will need to decode these to convert them into plain text.

We can query these notices using the GraphQL playground hosted on http://localhost:8080/graphql or with a custom frontend client.

You can retrieve all notices sent to the rollup server with the query:

query notices {
  notices {
    edges {
      node {
        index
        input {
          index
        }
        payload
      }
    }
  }
}

Alternatively, you can query this on a frontend client:

const response = await fetch("http://localhost:8080/graphql", {
  method: "POST",
  headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
  body: '{ "query": "{ notices { edges { node { payload } } } }" }',
});
const result = await response.json();
for (let edge of result.data.notices.edges) {
  let payload = edge.node.payload;
}

You can also query a notice based on its input index.

Congratulations, you have successfully built a dApp on Cartesi Rollups!

Build a calculator dApp with Python

Set up your environment

Create the backend application

Build the backend application

Sending inputs with the CLI

Retrieving outputs from the application

On this page

Useful resources to learn more

Set up your environment​

Create the backend application​

Build the backend application​

Sending inputs with the CLI​

Retrieving outputs from the application​

On this page

Useful resources to learn more

Set up your environment

Create the backend application

Build the backend application

Sending inputs with the CLI

Retrieving outputs from the application